Chapter 1: Getting Started with Tina4 PHP

1. What Is Tina4 PHP

Tina4 PHP is a zero-dependency web framework for PHP 8.1+. One Composer package. Routing, an ORM, a template engine, authentication, queues, WebSocket, and 70 other features -- all included.

It belongs to the Tina4 family: four identical frameworks in Python, PHP, Ruby, and Node.js. Learn one, know all four. Same project structure. Same template syntax. Same CLI commands. Same .env variables.

Tina4 PHP follows PHP conventions. Method names are camelCase -- fetchOne(), softDelete(), hasMany(). Class names are PascalCase. Constants are UPPER_SNAKE_CASE.

By the end of this chapter you will have a working project with an API endpoint and a rendered HTML page.

---

2. Prerequisites and Installation

What You Need

Four things. Nothing exotic.

1. PHP 8.1 or later -- check with:

php -v

You should see output like:

PHP 8.3.4 (cli) (built: Feb 13 2026 09:27:45) (NTS)
Copyright (c) The PHP Group
Zend Engine v4.3.4, Copyright (c) Zend Technologies
    with Zend OPcache v8.3.4, Copyright (c), by Zend Technologies

If you see a version lower than 8.1, upgrade PHP first.

2. Composer -- PHP's package manager. Check with:

composer --version

You should see:

Composer version 2.7.2 2024-03-11 17:12:18

If Composer is not installed, get it from https://getcomposer.org.

3. The Tina4 CLI -- a Rust-based binary that manages all four Tina4 frameworks:

macOS (Homebrew):

brew install tina4stack/tap/tina4

Linux / macOS (install script):

curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tina4stack/tina4/main/install.sh | bash

Windows (PowerShell):

irm https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tina4stack/tina4/main/install.ps1 | iex

Verify:

tina4 --version

tina4 0.1.0

4. Required PHP extensions -- these ship with most PHP installations:

• ext-json (bundled since PHP 8.0)
• ext-mbstring
• ext-openssl
• ext-sqlite3 (for the default SQLite database)
• ext-fileinfo

Check:

php -m | grep -E "json|mbstring|openssl|sqlite3|fileinfo"

fileinfo
json
mbstring
openssl
sqlite3

If any are missing, install them via your OS package manager (e.g., apt install php8.3-mbstring on Ubuntu).

Creating a New Project

One command. The CLI scaffolds everything.

tina4 init php my-store

▶ Initialising php project at ./my-store
▶ Checking php runtime...
  ✔ php found
▶ Checking package manager...
  ✔ composer found
  ✔ Created directory ./my-store
▶ Scaffolding php project...
  ✔ Created directory structure
  ✔ Created .env
  ✔ Created index.php
  ✔ Created .gitignore
  ✔ Created composer.json
▶ Installing dependencies...
  ✔ Dependencies installed

✔ Project created at ./my-store

Next steps:
  cd ./my-store
  tina4 serve

Install the PHP dependencies:

cd my-store
composer install

Installing dependencies from lock file
  - Installing tina4/tina4-php (v3.2.2): Extracting archive
Generating autoload files
1 package installed

One package. No dependency tree. No version conflicts. Just tina4/tina4-php.

Starting the Dev Server

tina4 serve

 _____ _             _  _
|_   _(_)_ __   __ _| || |
  | | | | '_ \ / _` | || |_
  | | | | | | | (_| |__   _|
  |_| |_|_| |_|\__,_|  |_|

  Tina4 PHP v3.2.2
  Server running at http://0.0.0.0:7146
  Debug mode: ON
  Press Ctrl+C to stop

Open your browser to http://localhost:7146. The Tina4 welcome page appears.

Hit the health check:

curl http://localhost:7146/health

{
  "status": "ok",
  "uptime_seconds": 12,
  "version": "3.2.2",
  "framework": "tina4-php"
}

The server is running. Time to write code.

Note: No database exists yet. The SQLite file (data/app.db) is created automatically the first time your code opens a database connection -- for example, when you configure DATABASE_URL in .env and run a query or migration. Until then, the data/ directory remains empty.

---

3. Project Structure Walkthrough

Here is what tina4 init created:

my-store/
├── .env                    # Your configuration (gitignored)
├── .gitignore              # Pre-configured
├── index.php               # Application entry point
├── composer.json           # Composer package definition
├── vendor/                 # Composer packages (after composer install)
├── src/
│   ├── routes/             # Your route handlers go here
│   ├── orm/                # Your ORM model classes go here
│   ├── templates/          # Frond/Twig templates
│   ├── public/             # Static files (CSS, JS, images)
│   │   ├── js/
│   │   ├── css/
│   │   └── images/
│   └── scss/               # SCSS source files (compiled to CSS)
├── migrations/             # SQL migration files
├── data/                   # SQLite databases (gitignored)
└── logs/                   # Log files (gitignored)

Note: The scaffold creates empty directories. Files like tina4.css, frond.js, and error templates become available at runtime through the tina4/tina4-php Composer package -- they are not copied into your project.

Five directories matter:

• src/routes/ -- Every .php file here is auto-loaded at startup. Route definitions go here. Subdirectories are fine.
• src/orm/ -- Every .php file here is auto-loaded. ORM model classes go here.
• src/templates/ -- Frond (Tina4's built-in template engine -- see Chapter 4: Templates) looks here when you call $response->render("my-page.html", $data).
• src/public/ -- Files served directly. src/public/images/logo.png becomes /images/logo.png.
• data/ -- Where the SQLite database lives once created. Gitignored. The data/ directory starts empty; the database file (e.g., app.db) is created automatically on the first database connection.

---

4. Your First Route

Create src/routes/greeting.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/api/greeting/{name}", function ($request, $response) {
    $name = $request->params["name"];
    return $response->json([
        "message" => "Hello, " . $name . "!",
        "timestamp" => date("c")
    ]);
});

Save the file. The dev server picks it up. No restart needed if live reload is active. Otherwise, restart with tina4 serve.

Test It

http://localhost:7146/api/greeting/Alice

{
  "message": "Hello, Alice!",
  "timestamp": "2026-03-22T14:30:00+00:00"
}

Or with curl:

curl http://localhost:7146/api/greeting/Alice

{"message":"Hello, Alice!","timestamp":"2026-03-22T14:30:00+00:00"}

The browser pretty-prints. Curl shows compact JSON. Force pretty output with ?pretty=true:

curl "http://localhost:7146/api/greeting/Alice?pretty=true"

{
  "message": "Hello, Alice!",
  "timestamp": "2026-03-22T14:30:00+00:00"
}

Understanding What Happened

Five things, in order:

1. You created a file in src/routes/. Tina4 discovered it at startup.
2. Router::get("/api/greeting/{name}", ...) registered a GET route with a path parameter {name}.
3. A request arrived at /api/greeting/Alice. The router matched the pattern. Your handler ran.
4. $request->params["name"] extracted "Alice" from the URL.
5. $response->json(...) serialized the array to JSON, set Content-Type: application/json, and returned 200 OK.

No base controller. No service provider. No bootstrapping ritual.

Adding More HTTP Methods

Update src/routes/greeting.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/api/greeting/{name}", function ($request, $response) {
    $name = $request->params["name"];
    return $response->json([
        "message" => "Hello, " . $name . "!",
        "timestamp" => date("c")
    ]);
});

Router::post("/api/greeting", function ($request, $response) {
    $name = $request->body["name"] ?? "World";
    $language = $request->body["language"] ?? "en";

    $greetings = [
        "en" => "Hello",
        "es" => "Hola",
        "fr" => "Bonjour",
        "de" => "Hallo",
        "ja" => "Konnichiwa"
    ];

    $greeting = $greetings[$language] ?? $greetings["en"];

    return $response->json([
        "message" => $greeting . ", " . $name . "!",
        "language" => $language
    ], 201);
});

Test the POST endpoint:

curl -X POST http://localhost:7146/api/greeting \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name": "Carlos", "language": "es"}'

{"message":"Hola, Carlos!","language":"es"}

Status code: 201 Created. The second argument to $response->json() sets it.

---

5. Your First Template

Tina4 uses Frond -- a zero-dependency, Twig-compatible template engine built from scratch. If you know Twig, Jinja2, or Nunjucks, this will feel familiar.

Create a Base Layout

Create src/templates/base.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>{% block title %}My Store{% endblock %}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/tina4.css">
    <style>
        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
        .container { max-width: 960px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; }
        .product-card { border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; margin: 8px 0; }
        .product-card h3 { margin-top: 0; }
        .price { color: #2d8f2d; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.2em; }
        .badge { display: inline-block; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.8em; }
        .badge-success { background: #d4edda; color: #155724; }
        .badge-danger { background: #f8d7da; color: #721c24; }
        nav { background: #333; color: white; padding: 12px 20px; }
        nav a { color: white; text-decoration: none; margin-right: 16px; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <nav>
        <a href="/">Home</a>
        <a href="/products">Products</a>
    </nav>
    <div class="container">
        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    </div>
    <script src="/js/frond.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Two blocks: title and content. Child templates override what they need. The rest stays.

Create a Product Listing Page

Create src/templates/products.html:

{% extends "base.html" %}

{% block title %}Products - My Store{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    <h1>Our Products</h1>
    <p>Showing {{ products | length }} product{{ products | length != 1 ? "s" : "" }}</p>

    {% if products | length > 0 %}
        {% for product in products %}
            <div class="product-card">
                <h3>{{ product.name }}</h3>
                <p>{{ product.description }}</p>
                <p class="price">${{ product.price | number_format(2) }}</p>
                {% if product.in_stock %}
                    <span class="badge badge-success">In Stock</span>
                {% else %}
                    <span class="badge badge-danger">Out of Stock</span>
                {% endif %}
                {% if not loop.last %}
                    {# Don't add separator after the last item #}
                {% endif %}
            </div>
        {% endfor %}
    {% else %}
        <p>No products available at the moment.</p>
    {% endif %}
{% endblock %}

Create the Route That Renders the Template

Create src/routes/pages.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/products", function ($request, $response) {
    $products = [
        [
            "name" => "Wireless Keyboard",
            "description" => "Ergonomic wireless keyboard with backlit keys.",
            "price" => 79.99,
            "in_stock" => true
        ],
        [
            "name" => "USB-C Hub",
            "description" => "7-port USB-C hub with HDMI, SD card reader, and Ethernet.",
            "price" => 49.99,
            "in_stock" => true
        ],
        [
            "name" => "Monitor Stand",
            "description" => "Adjustable aluminum monitor stand with cable management.",
            "price" => 129.99,
            "in_stock" => false
        ],
        [
            "name" => "Mechanical Mouse",
            "description" => "High-precision wireless mouse with 16,000 DPI sensor.",
            "price" => 59.99,
            "in_stock" => true
        ]
    ];

    return $response->render("products.html", ["products" => $products]);
});

See It in the Browser

Open http://localhost:7146/products. You see:

• A dark navigation bar with "Home" and "Products" links
• The heading "Our Products"
• A subheading: "Showing 4 products"
• Four product cards. Name, description, price, stock badge.
• The Monitor Stand shows a red "Out of Stock" badge
• The other three show green "In Stock" badges

How Template Rendering Works

The chain is short:

1. $response->render("products.html", ["products" => $products]) tells Frond to render src/templates/products.html.

2. Frond sees {% extends "base.html" %} and loads the base template.
3. The {% block content %} in products.html replaces the same block in base.html.
4. {{ product.name }} outputs the value, auto-escaped for HTML safety.
5. {{ product.price | number_format(2) }} formats the number with 2 decimal places.
6. {% for product in products %} loops through the array.
7. {% if product.in_stock %} renders the correct badge.
8. {{ products | length }} returns the count.

About tina4css

The tina4.css file is Tina4's built-in CSS utility framework. Layout utilities, typography, common UI patterns -- no Bootstrap or Tailwind required. It ships with every scaffolded project. Nothing to download.

---

6. Understanding .env

Open .env at the project root:

TINA4_DEBUG=true

That is likely everything. The scaffold creates a minimal .env with debug mode enabled. Everything else uses sensible defaults.

The defaults that matter for development:

Variable	Default Value	What It Does
TINA4_PORT	7146	Server port
DATABASE_URL	sqlite:///data/app.db	SQLite database path (created on first connection)
TINA4_LOG_LEVEL	ALL	All log messages output
CORS_ORIGINS	*	All origins allowed
TINA4_RATE_LIMIT	60	60 requests per minute per IP

Log levels control how much output Tina4 produces:

Level	Behaviour
ALL / DEBUG	Full verbose output. DevReload active (live-reload, error overlay).
INFO	Standard logging. Startup messages, request summaries.
WARNING	Warnings and errors only.
ERROR	Errors only. Minimal output.

Set TINA4_LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG during development for maximum visibility. Use WARNING or ERROR in production.

To change the port, use the CLI flag or .env:

tina4 serve --port 8080

Or add it to your .env file:

TINA4_DEBUG=true
TINA4_PORT=8080

Restart the server. It runs on port 8080.

How port resolution works: The Rust CLI (tina4 serve) determines the port using this priority order:

1. CLI flag (highest priority): tina4 serve --port 8080
2. .env file: TINA4_PORT=8080
3. Environment variable: PORT=8080
4. Framework default (Python: 7145, PHP: 7146, Ruby: 7144, Node.js: 7143)

The CLI reads your .env file and checks for TINA4_PORT (and falls back to PORT). The resolved port is passed to the PHP server. All three methods work -- use whichever fits your workflow.

For the complete .env reference with all 68 variables, see Book 0, Chapter 4: Environment Variables.

---

7. The Dev Dashboard

With TINA4_DEBUG=true in your .env, Tina4 provides a built-in development dashboard. No additional environment variables are needed.

Restart and navigate to:

http://localhost:7146/__dev

The dashboard opens. Six panels. Each one saves you from adding print statements:

• System Overview -- framework version, PHP version, uptime, memory usage, database status
• Request Inspector -- recent HTTP requests with method, path, status, duration, request ID. Click any request for full headers, body, database queries, and template renders.
• Error Log -- unhandled exceptions with stack traces and occurrence counts
• Queue Manager -- pending, reserved, failed, dead-letter messages
• WebSocket Monitor -- active WebSocket connections with metadata
• Routes -- all registered routes with methods, paths, and middleware

When you visit any HTML page (like /products), a debug overlay appears at the bottom:

• Request details (method, URL, duration)
• Database queries executed (with timing)
• Template renders (with timing)
• Session data
• Recent log entries

This overlay exists only when TINA4_DEBUG=true. Production never sees it.

---

8. Manual Setup (No CLI)

The tina4 CLI creates the project for you. But if you start from an empty folder — just Composer and a text editor — here is the minimum you need.

Step 1: Install the Package

composer require tina4stack/tina4php

Step 2: Create index.php

This is the entry point. Create a file called index.php in your project root:

<?php
require_once "./vendor/autoload.php";

$app = new \Tina4\App(basePath: __DIR__, development: true);
$app->start();

// Dispatch when running under PHP built-in server
if (php_sapi_name() === "cli-server") {
    $response = \Tina4\Router::dispatch(new \Tina4\Request(), new \Tina4\Response());
    http_response_code($response->getStatusCode());
    foreach ($response->getHeaders() as $name => $value) {
        header("$name: $value");
    }
    echo $response->getBody();
}

The App class boots the framework. The cli-server block handles routing when you run PHP's built-in web server.

Step 3: Create the Folder Structure

Tina4 expects this layout:

my-project/
├── index.php
├── .env
├── vendor/
└── src/
    ├── routes/       # Route files go here
    ├── templates/    # Twig templates go here
    └── public/       # Static files (CSS, JS, images)

Create the directories:

mkdir -p src/routes src/templates src/public

Step 4: Create .env

TINA4_DEBUG=true

Step 5: Run It

php -S localhost:7145 index.php

The server starts on http://localhost:7145. You should see the Tina4 welcome page. From here, add route files in src/routes/ and templates in src/templates/ — the same way as a CLI-scaffolded project.

---

9. Request & Response Fundamentals

Before jumping into the exercises, let's consolidate how route handlers work in Tina4 PHP. Every handler receives two arguments: $request (what the client sent) and $response (what you send back). Here is the complete picture.

Reading Query Parameters

Query parameters are the key-value pairs after the ? in a URL. Access them through $request->params:

// URL: /api/search?q=laptop&page=2
$request->params["q"]      // "laptop"
$request->params["page"]   // "2" (always a string)
$request->params["sort"] ?? "name"  // "name" (default -- param was not sent)

Reading URL Path Parameters

Route patterns like /users/{id} capture segments of the URL. Access them through $request->params:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/users/{id:int}/posts/{slug}", function ($request, $response) {
    $id = $request->params["id"];     // 5 (int, because of :int)
    $slug = $request->params["slug"]; // "hello-world" (string)
    return $response->json(["user_id" => $id, "slug" => $slug]);
});

The {id:int} syntax tells Tina4 to convert the value to an integer. Without :int, it stays a string.

Reading the Request Body

POST, PUT, and PATCH requests carry a body. Tina4 parses JSON bodies into an associative array automatically (as long as the client sends Content-Type: application/json):

Router::post("/api/items", function ($request, $response) {
    $name = $request->body["name"] ?? "";
    $price = $request->body["price"] ?? 0;
    return $response->json(["received_name" => $name, "received_price" => $price]);
});

Reading Headers

Headers are available as an associative array with their original casing:

$contentType = $request->headers["Content-Type"] ?? "not set";
$authToken = $request->headers["Authorization"] ?? "";
$custom = $request->headers["X-Custom-Header"] ?? "";

Sending JSON Responses

$response->json() converts an array to JSON and sets the correct Content-Type. Pass a status code as the second argument:

return $response->json(["id" => 1, "name" => "Widget"]);        // 200 OK (default)
return $response->json(["id" => 1, "name" => "Widget"], 201);   // 201 Created
return $response->json(["error" => "Not found"], 404);           // 404 Not Found

Sending HTML / Template Responses

$response->render() renders a Frond template from src/templates/ and passes data to it:

return $response->render("products.html", ["products" => $productList, "title" => "Our Products"]);

For raw HTML without a template file:

return $response->html("<h1>Hello</h1><p>This works too.</p>");

Status Codes

The most common status codes you will use:

Code	Meaning	When to Use
200	OK	Successful GET (default)
201	Created	Successful POST that created something
400	Bad Request	Client sent invalid input
404	Not Found	Resource does not exist
500	Internal Server Error	Something broke on the server

Worked Example: A Complete Route File

Here is a full route file that ties everything together. It builds a small book lookup API with query parameters, path parameters, JSON responses, and proper status codes. Read through it before attempting the exercises -- it is your reference.

Create src/routes/books.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

// In-memory data store
$books = [
    ["id" => 1, "title" => "Dune", "author" => "Frank Herbert", "year" => 1965],
    ["id" => 2, "title" => "Neuromancer", "author" => "William Gibson", "year" => 1984],
    ["id" => 3, "title" => "Snow Crash", "author" => "Neal Stephenson", "year" => 1992]
];

Router::get("/api/books", function ($request, $response) use (&$books) {
    // List all books. Supports ?author= filter and ?sort=year.
    $author = $request->params["author"] ?? "";
    $sortBy = $request->params["sort"] ?? "";

    $result = $books;

    // Filter by author if the query param is present
    if ($author !== "") {
        $result = array_values(array_filter($result, function ($b) use ($author) {
            return stripos($b["author"], $author) !== false;
        }));
    }

    // Sort by year if requested
    if ($sortBy === "year") {
        usort($result, fn($a, $b) => $a["year"] <=> $b["year"]);
    }

    return $response->json(["books" => $result, "count" => count($result)]);
});

Router::get("/api/books/{id:int}", function ($request, $response) use (&$books) {
    // Get a single book by ID. Returns 404 if not found.
    $id = $request->params["id"];
    $book = null;

    foreach ($books as $b) {
        if ($b["id"] === $id) {
            $book = $b;
            break;
        }
    }

    if ($book === null) {
        return $response->json(["error" => "Book with id {$id} not found"], 404);
    }

    return $response->json($book);
});

Router::post("/api/books", function ($request, $response) use (&$books) {
    // Create a new book from the JSON body. Returns 201 on success.
    $title = $request->body["title"] ?? "";
    $author = $request->body["author"] ?? "";
    $year = $request->body["year"] ?? 0;

    if ($title === "" || $author === "") {
        return $response->json(["error" => "title and author are required"], 400);
    }

    $maxId = max(array_column($books, "id"));
    $newBook = [
        "id" => $maxId + 1,
        "title" => $title,
        "author" => $author,
        "year" => $year
    ];
    $books[] = $newBook;

    return $response->json($newBook, 201);
});

Test it:

# List all books
curl http://localhost:7146/api/books

# Filter by author
curl "http://localhost:7146/api/books?author=gibson"

# Sort by year
curl "http://localhost:7146/api/books?sort=year"

# Get a single book
curl http://localhost:7146/api/books/2

# Get a book that does not exist (returns 404)
curl http://localhost:7146/api/books/99

# Create a new book
curl -X POST http://localhost:7146/api/books \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"title": "Foundation", "author": "Isaac Asimov", "year": 1951}'

This example covers every building block the exercises use: reading query parameters, reading path parameters, reading the request body, returning JSON with different status codes, and handling missing data. Refer back to it as you work through the exercises below.

---

10. Exercise: Greeting API + Product List Template

Build both features from scratch. No peeking at the examples above.

Exercise Part A: Greeting API

Create an API endpoint at GET /api/greet that:

1. Accepts a query parameter name (e.g., /api/greet?name=Sarah)
2. Defaults to "Stranger" if name is missing
3. Returns JSON:

{
  "greeting": "Welcome, Sarah!",
  "time_of_day": "afternoon"
}

4. Calculates time_of_day from the server's current hour:
   • 5:00 - 11:59 = "morning"
   • 12:00 - 16:59 = "afternoon"
   • 17:00 - 20:59 = "evening"
   • 21:00 - 4:59 = "night"

Test your endpoint with:

curl "http://localhost:7146/api/greet?name=Sarah"
curl "http://localhost:7146/api/greet"

Exercise Part B: Product List Page

Create a page at GET /store that:

1. Displays at least 5 products (hardcoded)
2. Each product has: name, category, price, and a boolean featured flag
3. Featured products are visually distinct (different background, border, or badge)
4. The page shows total product count and featured count
5. Uses template inheritance -- a layout template and a page template that extends it
6. Includes tina4.css and frond.js

Your products data:

$products = [
    ["name" => "Espresso Machine", "category" => "Kitchen", "price" => 299.99, "featured" => true],
    ["name" => "Yoga Mat", "category" => "Fitness", "price" => 29.99, "featured" => false],
    ["name" => "Standing Desk", "category" => "Office", "price" => 549.99, "featured" => true],
    ["name" => "Noise-Canceling Headphones", "category" => "Electronics", "price" => 199.99, "featured" => true],
    ["name" => "Water Bottle", "category" => "Fitness", "price" => 24.99, "featured" => false]
];

Expected browser output:

• Page titled "Our Store"
• Text: "5 products, 3 featured"
• Product cards with name, category, price, and a "Featured" badge on highlighted items
• Featured products have a distinct visual style

---

11. Solutions

Solution A: Greeting API

Create src/routes/greet.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/api/greet", function ($request, $response) {
    $name = $request->params["name"] ?? "Stranger";
    $hour = (int) date("G");

    if ($hour >= 5 && $hour < 12) {
        $timeOfDay = "morning";
    } elseif ($hour >= 12 && $hour < 17) {
        $timeOfDay = "afternoon";
    } elseif ($hour >= 17 && $hour < 21) {
        $timeOfDay = "evening";
    } else {
        $timeOfDay = "night";
    }

    return $response->json([
        "greeting" => "Welcome, " . $name . "!",
        "time_of_day" => $timeOfDay
    ]);
});

Test:

curl "http://localhost:7146/api/greet?name=Sarah"

{"greeting":"Welcome, Sarah!","time_of_day":"afternoon"}

curl "http://localhost:7146/api/greet"

{"greeting":"Welcome, Stranger!","time_of_day":"afternoon"}

Solution B: Product List Page

Create src/templates/store-layout.html:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>{% block title %}Store{% endblock %}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/tina4.css">
    <style>
        body { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif; margin: 0; padding: 0; background: #f5f5f5; }
        .container { max-width: 960px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; }
        header { background: #1a1a2e; color: white; padding: 16px 20px; }
        header h1 { margin: 0; }
        .stats { color: #888; margin: 8px 0 20px; }
        .product-grid { display: grid; gap: 16px; }
        .product-card { background: white; border: 2px solid #e0e0e0; border-radius: 8px; padding: 16px; }
        .product-card.featured { border-color: #ffc107; background: #fffdf0; }
        .product-name { font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin: 0 0 4px; }
        .product-category { color: #666; font-size: 0.9em; }
        .product-price { color: #2d8f2d; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-top: 8px; }
        .featured-badge { background: #ffc107; color: #333; padding: 2px 8px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <header>
        <h1>{% block header %}Store{% endblock %}</h1>
    </header>
    <div class="container">
        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    </div>
    <script src="/js/frond.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

Create src/templates/store.html:

{% extends "store-layout.html" %}

{% block title %}Our Store{% endblock %}
{% block header %}Our Store{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
    <p class="stats">{{ products | length }} products, {{ featured_count }} featured</p>

    <div class="product-grid">
        {% for product in products %}
            <div class="product-card{{ product.featured ? ' featured' : '' }}">
                <p class="product-name">
                    {{ product.name }}
                    {% if product.featured %}
                        <span class="featured-badge">Featured</span>
                    {% endif %}
                </p>
                <p class="product-category">{{ product.category }}</p>
                <p class="product-price">${{ product.price | number_format(2) }}</p>
            </div>
        {% endfor %}
    </div>
{% endblock %}

Create src/routes/store.php:

<?php
use Tina4\Router;

Router::get("/store", function ($request, $response) {
    $products = [
        ["name" => "Espresso Machine", "category" => "Kitchen", "price" => 299.99, "featured" => true],
        ["name" => "Yoga Mat", "category" => "Fitness", "price" => 29.99, "featured" => false],
        ["name" => "Standing Desk", "category" => "Office", "price" => 549.99, "featured" => true],
        ["name" => "Noise-Canceling Headphones", "category" => "Electronics", "price" => 199.99, "featured" => true],
        ["name" => "Water Bottle", "category" => "Fitness", "price" => 24.99, "featured" => false]
    ];

    $featuredCount = count(array_filter($products, fn($p) => $p["featured"]));

    return $response->render("store.html", [
        "products" => $products,
        "featured_count" => $featuredCount
    ]);
});

Open http://localhost:7146/store. You see:

• A dark header reading "Our Store"
• Text: "5 products, 3 featured"
• Five product cards in a grid
• Three cards (Espresso Machine, Standing Desk, Noise-Canceling Headphones) have a yellow border, light yellow background, and a "Featured" badge
• Two cards (Yoga Mat, Water Bottle) have a white background with gray border
• Each card shows name, category, and price formatted to two decimal places

---

12. Gotchas

1. File not auto-discovered

Problem: You created a route file but the URL returns 404.

Cause: The file is not in src/routes/. It must be inside src/routes/ (or a subdirectory), and the filename must end with .php.

Fix: Move the file to src/routes/your-file.php. Restart the server.

2. "Class not found" errors

Problem: Class 'Tina4\Route' not found or similar.

Cause: Missing use statement or stale autoload.

Fix: Start the file with <?php and include use Tina4\Router;. Run composer dump-autoload if the error persists.

3. JSON response shows HTML

Problem: Your JSON endpoint returns HTML.

Cause: You returned a string instead of using $response->json(). Plain strings are treated as HTML.

Fix: Use $response->json($data) for JSON endpoints. Never echo json_encode($data).

4. Template not found

Problem: Template "my-page.html" not found.

Cause: The file is not in src/templates/, or the filename has a typo.

Fix: Check that the file exists at src/templates/my-page.html. The name in $response->render() is relative to src/templates/.

5. Port already in use

Problem: Error: Address already in use (port 7146).

Cause: Another process occupies port 7146.

Fix: Stop the other process, or change the port:

TINA4_PORT=8080

Or use the CLI flag: tina4 serve --port 8080.

6. Changes not reflected

Problem: You edited a file but the browser shows the old version.

Cause: Live reload may not be active. Browser caching can serve stale content.

Fix: Hard-refresh (Ctrl+Shift+R or Cmd+Shift+R). If that fails, restart the dev server.

7. .env not loaded

Problem: Environment variables have no effect.

Cause: The .env file must be at the project root (same directory as composer.json). A subdirectory will not work.

Fix: Move .env to the project root.

8. Debug mode in production

Problem: Your production site shows stack traces and query details.

Cause: TINA4_DEBUG=true in production.

Fix: Set TINA4_DEBUG=false in your production .env. This hides debug information, enables HTML minification, and activates .broken file health checks.